位於台中市逢甲附近,一所專門提供大家美語、歐語學習的地方,從最基本的音標,到基礎的生活會話、實用美語、文法結構、字彙閱讀;到國中、高中英文、商用英文;到各類英文證照課程(TOEFL托福、IELTS雅思、TOEIC多益、GEPT英檢、SAT、SSAT、GRE、GMAT)以及德、法、西、葡、日、韓語等補習。
此外,我們還有二十年代辦留學經驗的碩博士級顧問群,專業辦理美、英、澳、加、紐、新、日等國的留學、自助遊學、遊學團等服務。
點這裡,有更精彩的留學遊學知識和信息。

2013年10月24日 星期四

雅思學術類考試--閱讀判斷題標準探討

 雅思學術類考試作為準備出國學習的一項成績,在很多學子的出國路上造成了不小的障礙。而閱讀部分一大難點是其變化多端、紛繁複雜的題型,這些題型粗粗地算來可以分為九大類:標題對應題、真假判斷題、總結題、簡答題、句子完成題、圖表填空題、配對題、選擇題、流程圖題。在這些題型當中,真假判斷題占到了將近40%。所以判斷題的做題好壞直接決定了考生在閱讀上的成績。

  在是非無判斷題的考試中,考生要對試卷上所列出的一系列命題(即陳述句)進行判斷。如果這些陳述句是反映觀點或者態度的,那麼考生的任務就是判斷這些句子是否和作者的觀點一致。在這種情況下,答案的選擇是“YES”“NO”或者是“NOT GIVEN”。如果這些陳述句表述的內容是有關事實資訊,那麼考生就要判斷這些句子是否和文中的資訊一致。在這種情況下,答案的選擇是“TRUE”“FALSE”或者是“NOT GIVEN”。這裏要特別說明的是在考試中“YES”“NO”“NOT GIVEN”和“TRUE”“FALSE”“NOT GIVEN”只是考試形式的區別,在判斷方式上並沒有本質區別。

  
一、判斷標準

  那麼,我們需要拿什麼標準來判斷我們的命題是否正確呢?現在有很多不同的說法,在多年的教學經驗的基礎上,我總結出了這樣的標準:
  TRUE
YES:所需判斷的陳述句中所有的考點彙和原文中的表達完全對應。
  FALSE
NO:所需判斷的陳述句中至少有一個考點彙和原文中的表達矛盾。
  NOT GIVEN:所需判斷的陳述句中在沒有錯誤的前提之下,至少有一個考點
彙文章沒有提到相關內容。

  用表格的形式表述如下:(假設被判斷的命題中有三個考點)
   
 
1
2
3
TRUE / YES
FALSE / NO
 
X
 
NOT GIVEN (x)
 
?
 

 
  
二、實例分析

  下面結合劍橋雅思4
上面的具體題目來講解一下我的判斷標準。

  
首先來解釋 TRUE / YES 的標準:所需判斷的陳述句中所有的考點字彙和原文中的表達完全對應。從表述中可以看出,正確的標準是唯一性的,只有在全部考點都正確的情況下,該命題才能被判斷為 TRUE / YES。

  Academic Test 1
  Reading Passage 1

  3.
  題幹:It has been suggested that children hold mistaken views about the "pure" science that they study at school.

  原文:Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about "pure" science, curriculum science.

  分析:此題答案為TRUE。從兩個句子表達中不難看出,兩句話都是針對children這同一對象,並且在觀點陳述中hold對應harbour都作動詞,表示“包含,擁有”, mistaken views對應misconceptions,表示“錯誤的概念”, that they study at school對應curriculum science,在這裏curriculum做名詞,表示“學校課程”的意思。

  4.
  題幹:The fact that children's ideas about science form part of a larger framework of ideas means that it is easier to change them.

  原文:These misconceptions do no remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification.

  分析:雖然原文是一個長難句,但從表達意思的主體上來看並沒有太大的改變。children's ideas about science對應these misconceptions,都指的兒童對於科學的認識,只不過文章中表達為錯誤的概念,form part of a larger framework of ideas對應do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework,都表達了兒童的觀點形成了一個大的框架的觀點,區別就在於文章對這個框架作了一些詳細的描述,means that it is easier to change them對應making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification,在這裏,考點的對應集中在了easier 正好對應了文章中的more accessible, to change them對應了modification.
  
  7.
  題幹:The study reported here follows on from a series of studies that have looked at children's understanding of rainforests.
  原文:These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils' views about the use and conservation of rainforest...

  分析:在這裏,關鍵的考點對應集中在了follows on from對應了consistent,都表示“一致的”意思,a series of studies that have looked at children's understanding of rainforests對應了our previous studies of pupils' views about the use and conservation of rainforest,同樣表示了“之前已經研究過的兒童對於熱帶雨林的觀點”。
  
  Academic Test 3
  Reading Passage 1

  12
  題幹:The children have to pay back slightly more money than they borrowed.

  原文:All S.K.I programs have charged interest on the loans...generally the rates have been modest (lower than bank rates)

  分析:題幹中表達the children have to pay back... more money than they borrowed對應文章中All S.K.I programs have charged interest on the loans,全部計畫都要收利息,所以兒童必須還錢,並且有了利息的存在,所以兒童要還比他借的錢多的一部分的錢;並且,slightly對應了modest, generally the rates have been modest(lower than bank rates),利率不多,並且比銀行的要低,所以只高出了一點點。
  
  Academic Test 4
  Reading Passage 1

  1.
  題幹:Modern official athletic records date from about 1900.

  原文:Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records......

  分析:about 1900對應the early years of the twentieth century,Modern official athletic records date from對應when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records
  
  6.
  題幹:The growing international importance of athletics means that gifted athletes can be recognised at a younger age.

  原文:Over the past century,...but with increasing global participation in athletic-----and greater rewards to tempt athletes-----it is more likely that individuals possessing the unique complement of genes for athletic performance can be identified early.

  分析:The growing international importance of athletics對應with increasing global participation in athletic-----and greater rewards to tempt athletes, gifted athletes對應individuals possessing the unique complement of genes for athletic performance,recognised at a younger age對應more likely...can be identified early.
  
  從這些例子中可以看出,所有被判斷為正確的陳述表達無一例外的都和文章中的考點表達存在一一對應的關係。
  
  
接下來,來看看 FALSE / NO 的判斷標準:所需判斷的陳述句中至少有一個考點辭彙和原文中的表達想矛盾。無論其他的考點是什麼結論,只需要其中有一個考點是錯誤的,那麼這個命題的答案就是錯誤的。
  
  Academic Test 1
  Reading Passage 1

  1.
  題幹:The plight of the rainforests has largely been ignored by the media.

  原文:In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage......

  分析:ignored與coverage矛盾,文章表達了媒體關注了雨林,而題幹的表達卻是忽視,二者相矛盾,因此為錯誤。
  
  5.
  題幹:The study involved asking children a number of yes/no questions such as "are there any rainforests in Africa?"

  原文:Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form questions.

  分析:題幹中說的是一般疑問句的提問方式,而文章中給出的資訊是five open-form questions,意思為特殊疑問詞提問的問題,相矛盾,鼓為錯誤。
  
  Academic Test 2
  Reading Passage 1

  10.
  題幹:The Navajo language will die out because it currently has too few speakers.

  原文:Only 250 languages have more than a million speakers, and at least 3,000 have feweer than 2,500. It is not necessarily these small languages that are about to disappear. Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 speakers.

  分析:文章中給出的資訊看出,Navajo is considered endangered可以和The Navajo language will die out對應,但是文章中說的Navajo給出它有150,000個說話的人,從數量上來說並不少,而題幹中說it currently has too few speakers相矛盾,故為錯誤。
  
  Academic Test 3
  Reading Passage 1

  9.
  題幹:Any street child can set up their own small business if give enough support.

  原文:Being an entrepreneur is not for everyone, nor for every street child.

  分析:題幹中說“任何街道兒童都有機會建立他們自己的小生意”,而原文中說“成為企業家並不是每個人能做,也並不是每一個街道兒童能做”,二者表述相互矛盾。
  
  11.
  題幹:Only one fixed loan should be given to each child.

  原文:The loan amount in S.K.I programs have generally ranged from US30-100.

  分析:文章中給出資訊貸款數量是可以變化的,但題幹中的fixed loan是“固定貸款”的意思,相互矛盾。
  
  從以上的例子中可以看出,命題表達中至少會有一個考點需要做出判斷,無論其他考點如何,只要我們能從中找出一個考點是錯誤的,那麼該命題就是錯誤的。
  
  
最後,我們來看看 NOT GIVEN 的判斷標準:所需判斷的陳述句中在沒有錯誤的前提之下,至少有一個考點辭彙文章沒有提到相關內容。從表述中可以看出,被判斷的命題中,首先不能有錯誤的成分存在,因為只要出現了錯誤點,那麼該命題就是 FALSE / NO 了。只有在沒有錯誤點出現的情況下,至少有一個考點文章中沒有提到,那麼該命題就可以被判斷為 NOT GIVEN。而在考試中,有一種 NOT GIVEN 情況很好判斷,就是全文沒有找到相關內容,那麼就可以直接下結論了。看看下面的例子:
  
  Academic Test 1
  Reading Passage 1

  6.
  題幹:Girls are more likely than boys to hold mistaken views about the rainforests destruction.

  原文:More girls(70%) than boys(60%) raised the idea of rainforest as animal habitats…more girls(13%) than boys(5%) said that rainforests provided human habitats.

  分析:從原文的表達中可以找到題幹的部分資訊Girls are more likely than boys,但是後半部分資訊在文章中沒有出現,所以該命題為
NOT GIVEN。
  
  8.
  題幹:A second study has been planned to investigate primary school children’s ideas about rainforests.

  原文:One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children…

  分析:從題幹和原文的表述中可以看出,二者並不存在對應關係,所以答案為
NOT GIVEN。

  Academic Test 2
  Reading Passage 2

  21.
  題幹:Alternative therapists earn higher salaries than doctors.

  原文:Part of the incentive was financial, Dr. Laver said.”The bottom line is that most general practitioners are business people. If they see potential clientele going elsewhere, they might want to be able to offer a similar service.”

  分析:題幹中的關鍵點在於中醫的工資比其他醫生要高,而原文只陳述了從事中醫這一行的人很多是商人,他們為了能留住顧客,也想提供同樣的服務,但並不能得出結論說中醫就比其他醫生工資高的結論,二者表述不相關,答案為
NOT GIVEN。
  
  Academic Test 3
  Reading Passage 1

  10.
  題幹:In some cases, the families of street children may need financial support from S.K.I.

  原文:There are tremendous advantages to involving parents or guardians in the program……

  分析:題幹中提到家庭需要獲得財政資助,但是文章中只是談到說能有父母或者監護人的參與會有很多好處,並沒有提到說家庭需要財政資助的問題,二者並不相關,所以為
NOT GIVEN。
  
  從這些例子中可以看出,在判斷中,只要命題中沒有錯誤資訊出現,而同時又有考點在文章中找不到匹配的資訊,那麼該命題的答案就是
NOT GIVEN。

沒有留言:

張貼留言