托福聽力考試總共有六大技巧的測試與考核。與這六大技巧相對,ETS有六大題型的測試,分別是:主旨題、細節題、句子功能題、態度題、結構題和推論題。而托福官方指南將這六大考題細歸類為B,
P, C三部分(Basic Comprehension Question, Pragmatic Comprehension Question,
Connecting Information Question)。B部分包括:主旨題和細節題;P部分包括句子功能題和態度題;C部分又包括結構題和推論題。
在這六大題型中,出鏡率最高、幾乎每篇文章(我們知道托福聽力考試涉及的文章有兩種:conversation和lecture)都會涉及到的題目就是主旨題。把握好主旨題同樣又是解答其他題目的關鍵。什麼是主旨題呢?ETS官方給出的解釋是:對話和講座的大概意思,即文章主要涉及的是什麼內容!關於主旨題,其實很多學生發現它是所有題型中最簡單的一道題目。可是往往我們如果不掌握一定的解題技巧和關鍵策略的話這道題同樣可能丟分。所以,把握好主旨題是解題的重中之重。
下面我就如何解答主旨題做一下總結與點評:
1、主旨題在原文和題目中的位置
首先,大家要明確托福聽力考試的一大特色就是題目順序與文章的行文順序相一致。所以,同學們要明確的是主旨題出現在文章的開頭部分,絕對不會出現在文章的中間部分。其中需要注意的一點是,在結尾部分同樣可能會出現幫助解答主旨題的解題內容。因為老師很可能對文章內容進行概括和總結。那麼,結尾部分就可能出現主旨題的答案!但是,這種情況比較少見!所以按照文章的行文順序,主旨題題目一般只會出現於第一道題。所以通常,不管是conversation還是lecture,主旨題都會出現於首道題目。明確了題目的位置之後,我們來看一下主旨題的分類。
2、主旨題題型分類及典型問法
主旨題分為目的主旨和內容主旨。
目的主旨: 考查對話目的而非內容,即兩個說話者的對話目的和教授講這篇文章的目的。目的主旨一般出現於conversation中。
目的主旨典型問法:Why does the student visit the professor?
Why does the student visit the registrar’s office?
Why did the professor ask to see the student?
Why does the professor explain X?
內容主旨: 要求考生理解講座或對話的主旨大意。材料有時會明確提出主旨,有時會很含蓄。 要求學生對聽到的資訊進行歸納總結。
內容主旨典型問法:What problem does the man have?
What are the speakers talking about?
What is the main ideaof the lecture?
What aspect of X does the professor mainly discuss?
3、主旨題解題技巧
關於解題技巧大家應該首先注意的是這兩種題型與大家字彙量的多少無關。也就是說,字彙量即使很少也不會給這兩種題型的解題造成障礙。首先要聽准開頭;特別是開頭句型,之後找出對話目的;如果開頭沒有把握准,那麼要注意全文重複字彙;最後要聽准關鍵字並對實義詞(名詞、動詞、形容詞)足夠敏感。那麼,如何聽准開頭呢?在conversation和lecture的開頭中,有的文章會出現寒暄部分。
比如,在conversation中兩個說話者的在開頭部分都會出現互相問好的寒暄語:
e.g.1 A : Hey, how is everything going?
B: Well, everything is going fine.
e.g.2 A: Hi, are you Paula?
B: Oh, hi, Jim. Nice to see you!
在這些寒暄之後說話人A說Do you need some tutoring in English? 說話人B說:yes, I am taking English composition and my English is not very good. 這才是文章的真正內容,也就是文章的主旨!所以選項的相應部分選擇的是:She needs a tutoring appointment!
在lecture中,有時教授上來不會直接切入正題,而是先會寒暄幾句。
例1: 有個教授上來先說I am sorry that I didn’t bring your paper, and it took longer to grade than I thought. So I will bring you the paper next class. Today, I want to continue our topic about Renaissance. 所以 “I am sorry that I didn’t bring your paper, and it took longer to grade than I thought. So I will bring you the paper next class.” 這句話都是在說與文章主旨無關緊要的話。而真正與文章主旨有關的是以today開頭的這句話!所以,顯而易見,這篇文章的主要內容就是Renaissance(文藝復興)。
例2: In the last class, we discussed the Jazz music history. But today, I am going to talk about the development of the jazz music. 那麼很顯然,In the last class, we discussed the Jazz music history.這是上節課講的內容。在強轉折but之後,老師緊接著說I am going to talk about the development of the jazz music. 那麼,文章的主旨也就很明確了。
在瞭解了如何在文章的開頭抓主旨以後,我們再來看一下引導文章主旨的信號標誌詞,以便我們更好地定位選項。
4、主旨題的信號標誌詞
Lecture引導主旨題信號標誌詞總結
1) 總結口語詞後的動詞片語:
• today we will talk about...
• today we will discuss...
• today we will look at...
• today we will tell...
2) 舊托福:
• today we will spend several minutes in...
• today we will focus on...
• today we will concentrate on...
3) 動詞時態
• 've, -ed
• will, be going to
4) 介詞 :
• about
注意點:在第三條中,動詞過去式和過去分詞後面引導的都是上節課涉及到的內容,所以即使大家聽到了discuss這個詞也可以放棄這部分內容。而只要聽好並把握准today後面要講的內容即可,也就是be going to/will 後面引導的內容!那麼,about就是一個經常引導主要內容的一個介詞。這個詞很關鍵,要求聽准其後面的賓語是什麼!因為這個賓語就是解題的關鍵。
Conversation 引導主旨題信號標誌詞總結
1. wonder (e.g. I was wondering,…)
2. think (e.g. I am thinking, I was thinking,….)
3. hope (I was hoping,…)
4. need (Do you need, I need….)
5. figure out, work out, sort out,
conversation的主要內容,一般情況下都是以上的這些詞引導的。常用句型已在後面括弧中標注出來。請大家謹記在心。
5、主旨題的選項特徵
在選擇選項的時候,大家一定要避免選擇如下選項:1) 範圍小-細節進入主旨題(最常見);2) 範圍大-沒鎖定主旨;3)不正確選項(即文章中根本沒有涉及到的內容)
正確選項特徵如下:( 以下是比較典型的主旨題的選項特徵 )
1)長的名詞結構:(技巧:先定位比較of和that前面的詞,在原文中找同意替換。之後確定of和that後面的受詞語是否符合原文)
a) …of….
b) …that…
e.g. Script
So, I wanted to discuss a few other terms here…actually, some, uh some ideas about how we manage our resources. Let’s talk about what that…what that means. If we take a resource like water…well,
Q: What is the talk mainly about?
A. A common method of managing water supply.
B. The formation of underground water systems.
C. Natural processes that renew water supplies.
D. Maintaining the purity of underground water system.
文章中的這句話 “I wanted to discuss a few other terms here…some ideas about”很明確的點出了文章的內容主旨。根據上面的講解,我們很容易把握discuss和about這兩個詞!所以,about後面的“how we manage our resources”就是文章的主旨了!所以根據同義替換,我們可以將“how”這個詞替換為A選項的method而且of 後面的賓語(managing water supply)也同原文內容(how we manage our resources)一致!正確答案為A.。
2). 以how, what, why開頭
e.g. Script
…so the Earth’s surface is made up of these huge segments, these tectonic plates. And these plates move, right? But how can, uh, motion of plates, do you think, influence climate on the Earth? Again, all of you probably read this section in the book, I hope, but, uh, uh, how— how can just motion of the plates impact the climate?
Q: What is the main topic of the talk?
A. The differences in climate that occur in different countries.
B. How movement of the Earth’s plates can affect climate.
C. Why the ocean has less effect on climate than previously thought.
D. The history of the climate of the region where the college is located
這道題可以明顯根據部分文章重複找出答案!重複句式為“But how can, uh, motion of plates, do you think, influence climate on the Earth?”去掉其中的插入語,我們可以提煉出“how can motion of plates influence climate on the Earth”。與這句話一致的是B選項!其中,可以找到原文與選項的同義替換是motion=movement、effect= impact/ influence。從這道題目可以看出:特殊疑問詞也是主旨題正確選項的一大特徵!
3) To do
e.g. Script (lecture)
Ok. Another ancient Greek philosopher we need to discuss is Aristotle– Aristotle’s ethical theory. What Aristotle’s theory is all about is this: he is trying to show you how to be happy—what true happiness is.
Q: What is the main purpose of the lecture?
A. To illustrate the importance of extrinsic values
B. To explain Aristotle’s views about the importance of teaching
C. To explain why people change what they value
D. To discuss Aristotle’s views about human happiness
“To do”結構在主旨題中出鏡率很高,目的主旨的選項大部分以to do結構開頭。那麼,解題的宗旨就是比較動詞do的形式和用詞!如果原文中用到的動詞與選項一致,同學可以首先定位此選項,再比較後面的受詞即可。 “Ok. Another ancient Greek philosopher we need to discuss is Aristotle– Aristotle’s ethical theory.”從原文中可以看到discuss這個詞,那麼這個詞正好與D選項中的discuss相吻合,而其後的受詞“human happiness”也一致!所以答案無可厚非為D。若選項中 “do”的形式與原文不一致,那麼我們需要做的就是同義替換。請看下面的例子:
e.g. Script (conversation)
• S: I was hoping you could look over my note cards for my presentation…just to see what you think of it.
• P: Okay, so refresh my memory: what’s your presentation about?
Q: Why does the student visit the professor?
A. To get some note cards for his presentation
B. To show her some examples of common errors in research
C. To review the notes for his presentation with her
D. To ask for help in finding a topic for his presentation.
在這篇文章中,引導conversation主旨題的標誌詞是I was hoping, 在其之後出現的動詞關鍵字是look over。名詞關鍵字為:note cards for my presentation。所以,與原文一致的選項應該找look over的同義替換,即review!所以應該選擇C選項。
以上就是主旨題需要注意的細節資訊和解題技巧,希望能對大家在準備托福聽力考試的過程中起到指引作用。
在這六大題型中,出鏡率最高、幾乎每篇文章(我們知道托福聽力考試涉及的文章有兩種:conversation和lecture)都會涉及到的題目就是主旨題。把握好主旨題同樣又是解答其他題目的關鍵。什麼是主旨題呢?ETS官方給出的解釋是:對話和講座的大概意思,即文章主要涉及的是什麼內容!關於主旨題,其實很多學生發現它是所有題型中最簡單的一道題目。可是往往我們如果不掌握一定的解題技巧和關鍵策略的話這道題同樣可能丟分。所以,把握好主旨題是解題的重中之重。
下面我就如何解答主旨題做一下總結與點評:
1、主旨題在原文和題目中的位置
首先,大家要明確托福聽力考試的一大特色就是題目順序與文章的行文順序相一致。所以,同學們要明確的是主旨題出現在文章的開頭部分,絕對不會出現在文章的中間部分。其中需要注意的一點是,在結尾部分同樣可能會出現幫助解答主旨題的解題內容。因為老師很可能對文章內容進行概括和總結。那麼,結尾部分就可能出現主旨題的答案!但是,這種情況比較少見!所以按照文章的行文順序,主旨題題目一般只會出現於第一道題。所以通常,不管是conversation還是lecture,主旨題都會出現於首道題目。明確了題目的位置之後,我們來看一下主旨題的分類。
2、主旨題題型分類及典型問法
主旨題分為目的主旨和內容主旨。
目的主旨: 考查對話目的而非內容,即兩個說話者的對話目的和教授講這篇文章的目的。目的主旨一般出現於conversation中。
目的主旨典型問法:Why does the student visit the professor?
Why does the student visit the registrar’s office?
Why did the professor ask to see the student?
Why does the professor explain X?
內容主旨: 要求考生理解講座或對話的主旨大意。材料有時會明確提出主旨,有時會很含蓄。 要求學生對聽到的資訊進行歸納總結。
內容主旨典型問法:What problem does the man have?
What are the speakers talking about?
What is the main ideaof the lecture?
What aspect of X does the professor mainly discuss?
3、主旨題解題技巧
關於解題技巧大家應該首先注意的是這兩種題型與大家字彙量的多少無關。也就是說,字彙量即使很少也不會給這兩種題型的解題造成障礙。首先要聽准開頭;特別是開頭句型,之後找出對話目的;如果開頭沒有把握准,那麼要注意全文重複字彙;最後要聽准關鍵字並對實義詞(名詞、動詞、形容詞)足夠敏感。那麼,如何聽准開頭呢?在conversation和lecture的開頭中,有的文章會出現寒暄部分。
比如,在conversation中兩個說話者的在開頭部分都會出現互相問好的寒暄語:
e.g.1 A : Hey, how is everything going?
B: Well, everything is going fine.
e.g.2 A: Hi, are you Paula?
B: Oh, hi, Jim. Nice to see you!
在這些寒暄之後說話人A說Do you need some tutoring in English? 說話人B說:yes, I am taking English composition and my English is not very good. 這才是文章的真正內容,也就是文章的主旨!所以選項的相應部分選擇的是:She needs a tutoring appointment!
在lecture中,有時教授上來不會直接切入正題,而是先會寒暄幾句。
例1: 有個教授上來先說I am sorry that I didn’t bring your paper, and it took longer to grade than I thought. So I will bring you the paper next class. Today, I want to continue our topic about Renaissance. 所以 “I am sorry that I didn’t bring your paper, and it took longer to grade than I thought. So I will bring you the paper next class.” 這句話都是在說與文章主旨無關緊要的話。而真正與文章主旨有關的是以today開頭的這句話!所以,顯而易見,這篇文章的主要內容就是Renaissance(文藝復興)。
例2: In the last class, we discussed the Jazz music history. But today, I am going to talk about the development of the jazz music. 那麼很顯然,In the last class, we discussed the Jazz music history.這是上節課講的內容。在強轉折but之後,老師緊接著說I am going to talk about the development of the jazz music. 那麼,文章的主旨也就很明確了。
在瞭解了如何在文章的開頭抓主旨以後,我們再來看一下引導文章主旨的信號標誌詞,以便我們更好地定位選項。
4、主旨題的信號標誌詞
Lecture引導主旨題信號標誌詞總結
1) 總結口語詞後的動詞片語:
• today we will talk about...
• today we will discuss...
• today we will look at...
• today we will tell...
2) 舊托福:
• today we will spend several minutes in...
• today we will focus on...
• today we will concentrate on...
3) 動詞時態
• 've, -ed
• will, be going to
4) 介詞 :
• about
注意點:在第三條中,動詞過去式和過去分詞後面引導的都是上節課涉及到的內容,所以即使大家聽到了discuss這個詞也可以放棄這部分內容。而只要聽好並把握准today後面要講的內容即可,也就是be going to/will 後面引導的內容!那麼,about就是一個經常引導主要內容的一個介詞。這個詞很關鍵,要求聽准其後面的賓語是什麼!因為這個賓語就是解題的關鍵。
Conversation 引導主旨題信號標誌詞總結
1. wonder (e.g. I was wondering,…)
2. think (e.g. I am thinking, I was thinking,….)
3. hope (I was hoping,…)
4. need (Do you need, I need….)
5. figure out, work out, sort out,
conversation的主要內容,一般情況下都是以上的這些詞引導的。常用句型已在後面括弧中標注出來。請大家謹記在心。
5、主旨題的選項特徵
在選擇選項的時候,大家一定要避免選擇如下選項:1) 範圍小-細節進入主旨題(最常見);2) 範圍大-沒鎖定主旨;3)不正確選項(即文章中根本沒有涉及到的內容)
正確選項特徵如下:( 以下是比較典型的主旨題的選項特徵 )
1)長的名詞結構:(技巧:先定位比較of和that前面的詞,在原文中找同意替換。之後確定of和that後面的受詞語是否符合原文)
a) …of….
b) …that…
e.g. Script
So, I wanted to discuss a few other terms here…actually, some, uh some ideas about how we manage our resources. Let’s talk about what that…what that means. If we take a resource like water…well,
Q: What is the talk mainly about?
A. A common method of managing water supply.
B. The formation of underground water systems.
C. Natural processes that renew water supplies.
D. Maintaining the purity of underground water system.
文章中的這句話 “I wanted to discuss a few other terms here…some ideas about”很明確的點出了文章的內容主旨。根據上面的講解,我們很容易把握discuss和about這兩個詞!所以,about後面的“how we manage our resources”就是文章的主旨了!所以根據同義替換,我們可以將“how”這個詞替換為A選項的method而且of 後面的賓語(managing water supply)也同原文內容(how we manage our resources)一致!正確答案為A.。
2). 以how, what, why開頭
e.g. Script
…so the Earth’s surface is made up of these huge segments, these tectonic plates. And these plates move, right? But how can, uh, motion of plates, do you think, influence climate on the Earth? Again, all of you probably read this section in the book, I hope, but, uh, uh, how— how can just motion of the plates impact the climate?
Q: What is the main topic of the talk?
A. The differences in climate that occur in different countries.
B. How movement of the Earth’s plates can affect climate.
C. Why the ocean has less effect on climate than previously thought.
D. The history of the climate of the region where the college is located
這道題可以明顯根據部分文章重複找出答案!重複句式為“But how can, uh, motion of plates, do you think, influence climate on the Earth?”去掉其中的插入語,我們可以提煉出“how can motion of plates influence climate on the Earth”。與這句話一致的是B選項!其中,可以找到原文與選項的同義替換是motion=movement、effect= impact/ influence。從這道題目可以看出:特殊疑問詞也是主旨題正確選項的一大特徵!
3) To do
e.g. Script (lecture)
Ok. Another ancient Greek philosopher we need to discuss is Aristotle– Aristotle’s ethical theory. What Aristotle’s theory is all about is this: he is trying to show you how to be happy—what true happiness is.
Q: What is the main purpose of the lecture?
A. To illustrate the importance of extrinsic values
B. To explain Aristotle’s views about the importance of teaching
C. To explain why people change what they value
D. To discuss Aristotle’s views about human happiness
“To do”結構在主旨題中出鏡率很高,目的主旨的選項大部分以to do結構開頭。那麼,解題的宗旨就是比較動詞do的形式和用詞!如果原文中用到的動詞與選項一致,同學可以首先定位此選項,再比較後面的受詞即可。 “Ok. Another ancient Greek philosopher we need to discuss is Aristotle– Aristotle’s ethical theory.”從原文中可以看到discuss這個詞,那麼這個詞正好與D選項中的discuss相吻合,而其後的受詞“human happiness”也一致!所以答案無可厚非為D。若選項中 “do”的形式與原文不一致,那麼我們需要做的就是同義替換。請看下面的例子:
e.g. Script (conversation)
• S: I was hoping you could look over my note cards for my presentation…just to see what you think of it.
• P: Okay, so refresh my memory: what’s your presentation about?
Q: Why does the student visit the professor?
A. To get some note cards for his presentation
B. To show her some examples of common errors in research
C. To review the notes for his presentation with her
D. To ask for help in finding a topic for his presentation.
在這篇文章中,引導conversation主旨題的標誌詞是I was hoping, 在其之後出現的動詞關鍵字是look over。名詞關鍵字為:note cards for my presentation。所以,與原文一致的選項應該找look over的同義替換,即review!所以應該選擇C選項。
以上就是主旨題需要注意的細節資訊和解題技巧,希望能對大家在準備托福聽力考試的過程中起到指引作用。
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